No one can deny we live in a rapidly changing world. When you read the headlines and hear news reports, it’s only natural to wonder how close to home those stories will eventually come.
Take, for example, Zika Virus.
The first cases of this mosquito-borne disease that is related to West Nile Virus (WNV) and dengue fever, were diagnosed in the United States in 2015. The main concern for people exposed to Zika is the link to birth defects. While so far, the disease has only been found in humans and primates, it makes sense for horse owners to wonder if Zika could pose a problem in equines. After all, the disease is spread by mosquitoes.
“We don’t yet have information to suggest that horses become infected with Zika or develop disease, and there are certainly horses present in many parts of the world where Zika Virus is present,” observes Martha Mallicote, DVM, a veterinarian in Large Animal Medicine at the University of Florida in Gainesville.
“Most of the human cases that have occurred in the U.S. have been related to travel or intimate contact with someone infected,” she explains. “Theoretically, the conditions are not right for Zika to be an endemic disease here in the U.S., but it would be dangerous to think that it could never happen. The risk for horses to become infected seems fairly minute at this point and the concern for human infections is much more important.”
Even if Zika never becomes an issue in the equine population, there are already enough mosquito-borne diseases that do infect horses.
“We are seeing more mosquito-borne diseases,” says Mallicote. “The range of many mosquito species is wider than previously, due to increased global temperatures, making environments more hospitable to these insects than previously. A great example of this is bluetongue virus in Europe, which attacks ruminants (cattle, sheep, etc.). The range of bluetongue has increased substantially because the mosquitoes are now present in places that they were not previously seen. When the vector is present, then the disease can flourish.”
Other Disease Concerns
There are three mosquito-borne diseases that every horse owner should recognize and vaccinate against: Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) and West Nile Virus (WNV).
“Other than West Nile, which most horse owners are now aware of, we must also remain committed to continued vaccination against the ‘older’ mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses,” cautions Mallicote.
EEE was first diagnosed in New England in 1831 after the death of some six dozen horses. WEE was first identified in 1930 after a number of horses died in California.
EEE has a mortality rate of 75 to 95%, while the mortality rate for WEE is 20 to 50%. Both are referred to as “sleeping sickness” and are life-threatening viral diseases that attack the central nervous system. EEE and WEE are spread when infected mosquitoes bite horses after having picked up the virus, usually by feeding on an infected bird. There is no cure for either disease.
Compared to EEE and WEE, West Nile is relatively new to the U.S., but is a perfect example of how easily a disease can spread when carried by mosquitoes. WNV originated in Africa and the first U.S. cases were identified in 1999. Since that time, the prevalence and exposure area of WNV has spread significantly in our country.
“We now consider WNV to be a potential risk in almost the entire U.S.,” says Mallicote, adding that WNV has also been reported in most Canadian provinces.
While less likely to result in death to the horse than encephalitis, WNV can require extensive veterinary treatment and affected horses may suffer long-lasting neurologic deficits.
Vaccination is Crucial
“The vaccines that are available are effective and inexpensive. The frequency that those vaccines should be used varies, depending upon region and mosquito presence throughout the year,” says Mallicote.
“In Florida, for example, horses are vaccinated for these diseases two to three times annually. These vaccinations should not be skipped, particularly in areas like the Southeast, Gulf coast, and Southwest where mosquitoes are present much of the year.”
It’s important to discuss vaccination with your veterinarian to come up with a vaccination schedule that fits your particular horse and where you live. Strategic vaccination is very effective when it comes to protecting horses and ensuring immunity to these diseases is at its best during mosquito season.
Fight Back Against Mosquitoes
The war against mosquitoes involves more than vaccination. Take a good look at your property and stable management practices to see how you can markedly reduce exposure to mosquitoes.
“Just as important as vaccination is the use of mosquito control. This will ultimately protect the horses, humans and any other at-risk species that may be present on the farm,” says Mallicote.
Because female mosquitoes lay their eggs in or around water, any standing water is prime mosquito breeding ground, so take steps to eliminate it. Even a tin can or coffee cup that catches rain water can breed disease-vectoring mosquitoes.
Obviously, you need to have water tanks and troughs for horses to drink from, but during mosquito season, these should be dumped and cleaned out every three days. This dramatically helps prevent mosquito larvae in the water from developing into adults.
“Examine the farm for any areas where puddles develop and remain in wet weather conditions. Don’t over-water, as this creates puddles,” advises Mallicote.
Get rid of damp vegetation, brush, weeds and leaves around the barn where mosquitoes can hang out in the heat of the day. This includes cleaning out gutters regularly.
Make your horse less appealing to mosquitoes by taking practical steps:
- Use equine insect repellent products designed to repel and kill mosquitoes
- Reduce the amount of body exposure to mosquitoes by using fly sheets and fly masks
- Whenever possible, avoid turning horses out at dawn and dusk, as these are peak mosquito activity times (One study showed that mosquito activity increased by 500% during a full moon!)
- Use fans in stalls and throughout the barn to make it more difficult for mosquitoes to land and feed on horses
Horse owners shouldn’t be worried about mosquito-borne diseases, but they should be concerned, aware and proactive.
“We have not yet identified equine cases of some of the more novel mosquito-vectored diseases that are being seen in humans in Florida and the Caribbean,” notes Mallicote, “but that does not mean it won’t occur in the future. Stay tuned on that front.”
06 July 2016
By Cynthia McFarland
What Is West Nile Encephalitis?
West Nile encephalitis describes an inflammation of the central nervous system, which is caused by infection with West Nile Virus. Prior to 1999 West Nile Virus was found only in Africa, Eastern Europe, and West Asia. In August of 1999 it was identified in the United States.
How Do People Or Animals Become Infected With West Nile Virus?
People and animals can become infected from the bite of certain kinds of mosquitoes that are infected with the virus. Mosquitoes may pick up the virus when they bite, or take a blood meal, from wild birds that are infected with West Nile Virus. Those mosquitoes may then transmit the virus to people and other animals when biting to take a blood meal. Infection occurs primarily in the late summer or early fall in the northeast and Mid Atlantic regions.
Does Infection Always Lead To Illness?
Infection with West Nile Virus does not always lead to signs of illness in people or animals. Horses appear to be a species that is susceptible to infection with the virus. In horses that do become clinically ill, the virus infects the central nervous system and may cause symptoms of encephalitis. Clinical signs of encephalitis in horses may include a general loss of appetite and depression, in addition to any combination of the following signs: